[81][80] She briefly taught high school mathematics and French at a public school in Boston, Indiana. This brilliant mathematician, systems engineer, and computational scientist, was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. Zeitlin, Arnold. This overloaded the central processing unit during the landing, but fortunately, the software recovered in the heated moments before Apollo 11 touched down. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. is 5'(1.52m) . It is ironic that her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939) was so scary to children, because her first job was as a kindergarten teacher. She was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. The Directors verdict reached Neil on the radio: GO, Go ahead, free. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. Half a century ago, MIT played a critical role in the development of the flight software for NASAs Apollo program, which landed humans on the Moon for the first time in 1969. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. Three minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. That has been my favorite book since I was four.' and he said 'Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard.' A few years later, they were reunited on Broadway for the short-lived musical Come Summer. During one interview, she joked: I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. Bill Dunford What are the Van Allen Belts and why do they matter? Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was. Margaret Elaine Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. Credit: Deansfa Marriage and family of Margaret Hamilton 2003 Annual Report of the NASA Inventions and Contributions Board, 2003. From 1961 to 1963, she worked at MIT on an unknown aircraft trajectory tracking project. The studio hired a new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, to finish the broomstick-riding scene for Danko.[9]. Snyder, Lawrence and Henry, Ray Laura, "Fluency7 with Information Technology", Pearson, M. Hamilton, S. Zeldin (1976) "Higher order softwareA methodology for defining software". [62] Writing in Wired, Robert McMillan noted: "At MIT she assisted in the creation of the core principles in computer programming as she worked with her colleagues in writing code for the world's first portable computer". Margaret H. Hamilton is a computer scientist who was instrumental to NASA's efforts to land humans on the moon in the 1960s and 1970s. They like to hear it but they 'don't' like to hear it. [16] A Republican, she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio to Jennie and Walter Hamilton. Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. Even adolescents. "From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission," she said. [22][16] Another part of her team designed and developed the systems software. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals and retained a lifelong commitment to public education. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. We had to find a way and we did. The content of the programs was printed on continuous paper and stored in large folders. In recent years, a striking photo of Hamilton and her teams Apollo code has made the rounds on social media and in articles detailing her key contributions to Apollo 11's success. [14] The SAGE Project was an extension of Project Whirlwind, started by MIT to create a computer system that could predict weather systems and track their movements using simulators. The crowning mission, Apollo 11 in July 1969, saw Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descend all the way to the surface in the lunar module, safely return to the command module (piloted by Mike Collins) and make it home to Earth. mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. Margaret Dawn Hamilton AM (23 June 1941 - 24 November 2022) [1] was an Australian children's literature publisher who served as the National President of the Children's Book Council of Australia from 1991 to 1992 and as a National Board Member until April 2017 when she formally retired. Dishonored Lady. Apollo 9 tested out the lunar module and command module together in Earth orbit for the first time, and then the two spacecraft were tested again in lunar orbit for Apollo 10. We knew that. Margaret Hamilton, ne Margaret Heafield, (born August 17, 1936, Paoli, Indiana, U.S.), American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers; she created the term software engineer to describe her work. Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film: Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West. Had one child, son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve, on June 12, 1936. [25], Her areas of expertise include: systems design and software development, enterprise and process modeling, development paradigm, formal systems modeling languages, system-oriented objects for systems modeling and development, automated life-cycle environments, methods for maximizing software reliability and reuse, domain analysis, correctness by built-in language properties, open-architecture techniques for robust systems, full life-cycle automation, quality assurance, seamless integration, error detection and recovery techniques, human-machine interface systems, operating systems, end-to-end testing techniques, and life-cycle management techniques. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. She notably wrote software for a program to identify enemy aircraft. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. August 17, 2016. When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. )[citation needed]. In addition to requiring a deep understanding of computers, it was not easy to write just over 400,000 lines of code that were inserted into the operating system of the lunar module in the Apollo missions. I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! JWST finds galaxies that shouldn't exist! She subsequently developed Alzheimer's disease and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Salisbury, Connecticut at the age of 82. Hamilton led the software engineering division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Instrumentation Laboratory. They were married on June 15, 1958, the summer after she graduated from Earlham. We took our work seriously, many of us beginning this journey while still in our 20s. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert's character taunts her about being a witch, including the final scene, in which she is holding a broom in her hand. Biography of Margaret Hamilton, American scientist, notable computer scientist who worked at NASA in support of Apollo missions. "[64][65], In 2019, to celebrate 50 years to the Apollo landing, Google decided to make a tribute to Hamilton. Though only in her early '30s, the gloriously unpretty Hamilton subsequently . And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. And sometimes when I go to schools, if we're in an auditorium, I'll do it. This depended on our assigning a unique priority to every process in the software in order to ensure that all of its events would take place in the correct order and at the right time relative to everything else that was going on. 1. This system played a crucial role just before the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20, 1969. But a software incident almost derailed the landing, as Hamilton recalled in a 2009 interview with MIT. "Kindergarten Lost Margaret Hamilton." She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat (dancing with David Wayne), and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. It turned out that the astronaut checklist, which governed the actions the crew had to do before landing, had the crew set the rendezvous radar hardware switch in the wrong position. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm, playing the role of Grace Tyrell's housekeeper, Katie. Biography. She did a stint as a What's My Line? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "The NASA Heritage of Creativity." [3], Hamilton made her screen debut in the MGM film Another Language (1933) starring Helen Hayes and Robert Montgomery. Hamilton had thought long and hard about this. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Hamilton said: What they used to do when you came into this organization as a beginner, was to assign you this program which nobody was able to ever figure out or get to run. They're clapping at hearing the sound again.[11]. She played Morticia Addams' mother, Hester Frump, in three episodes of The Addams Family. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. The couple then moved to Boston. Her family later moved to Michigan and Hamilton attended the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for a time. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. In 1962, Hamilton played Leora Scofield, a suffragette who arrives in Laramie, Wyoming, to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote, in the episode "Beyond Justice" of NBC's Laramie. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. [36], Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted the astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go decision (to land or not to land)". She is best known for playing the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.In movies, she often played older, unmarried women from New England who was extremely practical but did not enjoy jokes. I said, 'Yes?' The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.[6]. [48] Others have used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers,[49] and to formalize the design of reliable real-time embedded systems. Hamilton, now an independent computer scientist, described for MIT News in 2009 her contributions to the Apollo software which last month was added in its entirety to the code-sharing site GitHub: From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. They have a daughter named Lauren. Mention the name Margaret Hamilton to a Millennial, and chances are they won't be able to pick her out of a line-up. "Margaret Hamilton, 82, Dies; Played Wicked Witch In 'Oz', "Ah, The Songs of Long Ago! Her "priority display" innovation had created a knock-on risk that astronaut and computer would slip out of synch just when it mattered most. Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles (five) in the film. Miss Hamilton Sings 1840 Song at Play House", "Wicked Witch of the West not always a fright sight", "Wizard of Oz 'witch' loved her Maine island", "Actress Margaret Hamilton, the Wicked Witch of the West", Margaret Hamilton correspondence and ephemera, 1944-1979, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)&oldid=1138589927, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from March 2014, Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Turner Classic Movies person ID different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Epiisode: "An Eye for an Eye" (S 2:Ep 35), Episode: "Bilko Enters Politics" (S 2:Ep 20), This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 13:49. Her son, interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film, commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much, she sometimes used it in her real life. In the early 1960s Hamilton joined MITs Lincoln Laboratory, where she was involved in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project, the first U.S. air defense system. As the alarms went off and priority displays replaced normal ones, the actual switchover to new programmes behind the screens was happening "a step slower" than it would today. 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And what had happened was it was tricky programming, and the person who wrote it took delight in the fact that all of his comments were in Greek and Latin. Also learn how She earned most of Margaret Hamilton networth? And there's always a funny reaction, like 'Ye gods, they wish they hadn't asked.' From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Hamilton also appears as an unidentified flying witch during the tornado scene, which may have been the Wicked Witch of the West or her sister, the Wicked Witch of the East. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist, Space.com - Margaret H. Hamilton: Apollo Computer Programmer, Wired - Her Code Got Humans on the Moon - And Invented Software Itself, Margaret Hamilton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Margaret Hamilton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [1] Her remains were cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery, and her ashes were scattered in Amenia, New York.[20]. Early life [ edit] Hamilton, M.; Hackler, W. R. (2004). She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. She graduated from Hancock High School and studied at the University . By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office [19] She later moved to Millbrook, New York. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s and sporadically thereafter. When I was the beginner they gave it to me as well. Dedication and commitment were a given. At 83 years old, Margaret Hamilton height At the time, no schools taught software engineering, so the team members had to work out any problems on their own. By 1968, she was in charge of all Command Module software, which was all the software for navigation and lunar landing guidance. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Although Margaret planned to study abstract mathematics at Brandeis University, she accepted a job at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while her husband attended Harvard Law School. "[13] She appeared as herself in three episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, between 1975 and 1976, because Fred Rogers wanted his viewers to recognize the Wicked Witch was just a character and not something to be afraid of. And I asked him what part, and he said, 'The Witch,' and I said, 'The Witch?!' During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. Margaret Hamilton (educator) (1871-1969), American educator Margaret Hamilton (actress) (1902-1985), American film character actress Margaret Hamilton (software engineer) (born 1936), American software engineer Margaret Hamilton (publisher) (1941-2022), Australian publisher of children's literature and they continued. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. [66], She met her first husband, James Cox Hamilton,[80] in the mid-1950s while attending college. Check out Margaret Hamilton's Bio Now [33] The asynchronous executive designed by J. Halcombe Laning[34][30][35] was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software: Because of the flight software's system-software's error detection and recovery techniques that included its system-wide "kill and recompute" from a "safe place" restart approach to its snapshot and rollback techniques, the Display Interface Routines (AKA the priority displays) together with its man-in-the-loop capabilities were able to be created in order to have the capability to interrupt the astronauts' normal mission displays with priority displays of critical alarms in case of an emergency. What I do?!!! Your email address will not be published. She cofounded the company Higher Order Software in 1976 and established Hamilton Technologies 10 years later. Margaret Hamilton Biography Margaret Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 9, 1902, the youngest of four children and obtained her teaching certificate in 1923 from the Wheelock . At the time, computer science and software engineering were not yet established disciplines; instead, programmers learned on the job with hands-on experience. Moore Boeck. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA 's Apollo program. "It quickly became clear that the software was not only informing everyone that there was a hardware-related problem, but that the software was compensating for it. Guest in the House. She was a distant cousin of Neil Hamilton, with whom she appeared in By Your Leave (1934). Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers.. Her husband is Paul Boynton Meserve (13 June1931 - 20 May1938)( divorced)( 1 child). Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark. Margaret Elaine Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner.

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