Finally, the air finds itself in a balance between the PGF and the CF moving parallel to the isobars instead of across them. Force is a pull or push that changes the resting state, motion, or direction of an object. Please download the Macromedia Flash Player in order to view this demonstration. Because geostrophic winds are dependent on the pressure gradient, geostrophic winds are faster when isobars are closely spaced. As a result, upper level winds tend to be stronger than surface winds. Compared to geostrophic winds, gradient winds feature a balance between the Coriolis force, the pressure gradient force, and the centrifugal force. The hydrostatic pressure, p, at any depth below the sea surface is given by the equation p = gz, where g is the acceleration of gravity, is the density of seawater, which increases with depth, and z is the depth below the sea surface. Friction cannot be ignored when considering atmospheric The friction between the box and bed of the moving truck causes the box to accelerate with the truck. The standard distinguishes between the free-standing wall, the free-standing roof, and the long closed building for friction effects resulting from the wind [1]. When you walk, friction is caused between the tread on shoes and the ground. | The percentage of the friction force due to wind of the total wind force is determined according to the following formula: Ffr,j = cfr,j qp(ze)j Afr,j F f r, j = c f r, j q p ( z e) j A f r, j [1] (5.7) The proportion due to friction is to be superimposed by vectorial summation with the other wind forces F w,e (external wind . The wind is also affected by the earth's rotation. The irregularities of the earths surface offer resistance to the wind movement in the form of friction. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Coriolis force and The force of friction changes the airs speed. This type of balance results in a gradient wind. cfr = 0.04Length d = 20 mReference height ze = 2.5 m, $\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm A}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;2\;\cdot\;2.5\;\mathrm m\;\cdot\;20\;\mathrm m\;=\;100\;\mathrm m\\{\mathrm q}_{\mathrm p(\mathrm{ze})}\;=\;1.7\;\cdot\;\mathrm{qb}\;=\;1.7\;\cdot\;0.39\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;=\;0.663\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\\{\mathrm F}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;0.04\;\cdot\;0.663\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;\cdot\;100\;\mathrm m\;=\;2.65\;\mathrm{kN}\end{array}$, cfr = 0.04Length d = 7 mWidth b = 4 mReference height ze = 3 m, $\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm A}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;2\;\cdot\;4\;\mathrm m\;\cdot\;7\;\mathrm m\;=\;56\;\mathrm m\\{\mathrm q}_{\mathrm p(\mathrm{ze})}\;=\;1.7\;\cdot\;\mathrm{qb}\;=\;1.7\;\cdot\;0.39\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;=\;0.663\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\\{\mathrm F}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;0.04\;\cdot\;0.663\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;\cdot\;56\;\mathrm m\;=\;1.49\;\mathrm{kN}\end{array}$, cfr = 0.04Length d = 30 mWidth b = 10 mReference height ze = 5.5 mArea of all surfaces parallel to the wind Atotal= 2 30 m 4 m + 2 30 m 5.22 m = 553.2 m. The next thing that effects direction is surface friction. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. limited. This effect By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This friction acts to grip the ground and prevent sliding. What did the Voyagers reveal about Cassini's division? Question: Question 13 1 pts If surface winds were influenced only by the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force (i.e., without the frictional force), wind speed and direction would be reduced. This is referred to as the barotropic field of mass. At the surface, the wind encounters friction. Really excellent.Adding diagrams or pictures would do better for illustration. geostrophic. is it possible for an applied force to have a magnitude less than the magnitude of the kinetic friction? Mr. Baumgrtel provides technical support for customers of Dlubal Software. The force due to friction not only What were the beliefs of the South during the Civil war? and decreases as altitude increases. Next, the Coriolis force (CF) deflects the objects direction once it is in motion. Thus the pressure gradient force is balanced by friction and Coriolis force. With numerous colourful diagrams and maps, the book makes the concepts come alive! This slowing causes the wind to be not geostrophic. In a world without friction, the pressure gradient and Coriolis forces equilibrium. The momentum transfer is a product of turbulence that moves kinetic energy dissipated as heat. The friction force points against the direction that the object would slide without friction. 1 How does friction change wind direction? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Besides gravity, the most important forces that cause and affect ocean currents are horizontal pressure-gradient forces, Coriolis forces, and frictional forces. This slowing causes the wind to be not geostrophic. The Coriolis Effect is a direct result If you purchase the notes with Download Validity == 2 Years, on 03/03/2023, then you will be able to download the Static Files + Current Affairs files till 04/03/2025. the moving object, it also decreases the impact of the Coriolis force. moves from higher pressure toward lower pressure. Friction acts to slow the wind by dragging across the surface (Fig. T, Posted 3 years ago. In the Northern Hemisphere , if you put your left hand to the low pressure the wind will be blowing at your back. The frictional force will be in the opposite direction of this net force. Over the sea surface the friction is minimal. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. List of National Parks of India (106 National Parks in India in 2022), List of Tiger Reserves in India (53 Tiger Reserves in 2022). A plane flying along the equator itself would be able to continue flying on the equator without any apparent deflection. move blobs of air from higher pressure toward lower pressure. The object is not actually moving off of its course but this just appears to be happening because the earths surface is rotating beneath the object. Factors affecting wind speed These include the pressure gradient, Rossby waves and jet streams, and local weather conditions. Figure 1. The addition of friction ultimately causes the wind to move >> Wind speed generally increases as pressure gradient increases. Since the absolute value of pressure is not measured at all depths in the ocean, the sea surface slope is presented relative to that of a deep isobaric surface; it is assumed that the deep isobaric surface is level. The Coriolis Effect has a profound impact on the direction of any moving object, As we look at the diagram above, this slowing down reduces the Coriolis force, and the pressure gradient force becomes more dominant. This, in turn, causes low pressure systems to be associated with counterclockwise rotation, 2 Years Validity == Validity of the Download links (both Static & Current Affairs) is 2 Years from the date of purchase. The Coriolis force is the force exerted by the rotation of the earth. and around any features. What kind of friction occurs in the atmosphere? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This wind is known as the. hydrostatic balance. The force actually responsible for causing the movement of air though is the pressure gradient force. This deflection force does not seem to exist until the air is set in motion and increases with, As a result of these two forces operating perpendicular to each other, in the low-pressure areas the wind blows around it, The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. Static friction keeps gravity from pulling the cheese down the incline. Direct link to LEXIsullivan's post "Suppose two children pus, Posted 2 years ago. Some of the most important impacts of the Coriolis effect in terms of geography are the deflection of winds and currents in the ocean. earth Friction can be a useful force because it prevents our shoes slipping on the pavement when we walk and stops car tyres skidding on the road. However it should be realized that the actual wind is not always geostrophic especially near the surface. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Go to Content Near the surface, friction reduces the wind speed, which reduces the Coriolis force. The motionless ocean floor removes momentum from the circulation of the ocean waters. Geostrophic balance is arguably the most important force balance in the atmosphere and holds nearly all the time, except for a few specific cases scenarios to be discussed later. If we bring out the Updated (New) Editions of the Static Files within your membership period, you will be able to download them without paying anything extra. Static friction keeps gravity from pulling the cheese down the incline. As we move higher, surface features affect the wind less until >> A result of a rotating, spherical Generally, over low pressure area the air will converge and rise. Its greatest effect is near the earths surface and rapidly decreases with height (within lowest 1 km). Horizontal gradients of pressure, though much smaller than vertical changes in pressure, give rise to ocean currents. Because the Coriolis effect increases with an objects increasing speed, it significantly deflects air flows . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Static friction magnitude is directly proportional to the normal force magnitude and the roughness between the sliding surfaces. the Coriolis force not only depends on latitude, but also The wind, which blows parallel to the surfaces of astructure, can generate friction forces on these surfaces. The surface of the Earth exerts a frictional drag on the air blowing What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? This frictional force at the sea surface (i.e., the wind stress) produces the wind-driven circulation. The surface of the Earth exerts a frictional drag on the air blowing just above it. Is there a certain limit of what the coefficient of friction can be? Direction is opposite the objects sliding direction and is parallel to the contact surface. Pressure Gradient Force operates from the high pressure area to a low pressure area and causes wind movement. We can also see that the Coriolis force is strongly dependent on the speed of the object. the difference in terrain conditions directly affects how much This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Friction can exert an influence on wind only after the air is in motion. Support & Learning Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. However, as . The effects of wind friction on the surface can be disregarded when the total area of all surfaces parallel with (or at asmall angle to) the wind is equal to or less than 4 times the total area of all external surfaces perpendicular to the wind (windward and leeward) [1] 5.3 (4). Can you do a video about calculating forces on 3 different objects connected at angles? In a homogeneous ocean, which would have a constant potential density, horizontal pressure differences are possible only if the sea surface is tilted. Your email address will not be published. The time of day and season of The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The height of Does it always have to be less than 1 or is it possible for the coefficient of friction to be any real number? This usually creates the westerly winds moving from the subtropical areas to the poles. When a small cyclonic scale such as a tornado first forms, both tangential winds and centrifugal force increase much faster than the Coriolis force due to the very strong pressure gradient force. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 3 Is friction greater near the ground surface? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The speed and direction of the wind is governed by three forces; the pressure gradient force (PGF), the Coriolis Force and friction. The general circulation is governed by the equation of motion, one of the fundamental laws of mechanics developed by English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton that was applied to a continuous volume of water. Is friction greater near the ground surface? Centripetal acceleration creates a force directed at right angles to the wind movement and inwards towards the centers of rotation (e.g., low and high pressure centers). Winds help in transfer of heat, moisture etc. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? This force of kinetic friction F_k F k always opposes the sliding motion and tries to reduce the speed at which the surfaces slide across each other. The friction force points against the direction that the object would slide without friction. The weaker Coriolis force no longer balances the pressure gradient force and so the wind blows across the isobars toward lower pressure. Meteorologists call the difference between This frictional force at the sea surface (i.e., the wind stress) produces the wind-driven circulation. It is the highest-rated bestselling Environment Book on Amazon with an average rating of 4.6/5, PMF IAS Environment PDF is available on the EnvironmentDownloads page, PMF IAS Environment Hardcopy is available on Amazon& Flipkart. of the fact that the earth is constantly rotating on its axis. An apparent deflection of the path of the moving object would be seen. Included in this What can you say about the population size after five weeks? The application found below outlines all of the three forces mentioned above and This is because This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Structural engineering software for finite element analysis (FEA) of planar and spatial structural systems consisting of plates, walls, shells, members (beams), solids, and contact elements, Structural engineering software for designing frame, beam, and truss structures, as well as performing linear and nonlinear calculations of internal forces, deformations, and support reactions, 2001 - 2023 by Dlubal Software GmbH | All Rights Reserved, US Standards (AISC, ACI, AWC, ADM, ASCE 7, IBC), Snow Load, Wind Speed, and Seismic Load Maps, Cross-Section Properties of Standardized Sections or Parameterized Cross-Sections, Stand-Alone Programs for Steel Structures, Stand-Alone Programs for Timber Structures, Free Structural Analysis Software for Educational Institutions, Free Introductory Training at Your University, Introduction to Structural Analysis and Design, Useful Tools for Fast Generation of Structures in RFEM, Useful Tools for Fast Generation of Structures in RSTAB, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions; German version EN 1991-1-4:2005 + A1:2010 + AC:2010, National Annex - Nationally determined parameters - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions; EN 1991-1-4/NA:2010-12, For smooth surfaces such as steel or smooth concrete, the friction coefficient c, On rough surfaces such as rough concrete or tar-boards, the friction coefficient c, For surfaces that are very rough (ripples, ribs, folds), the friction coefficient c. This is called the hydrostatic equation, which is a good approximation for the equation of motion for forces acting along the vertical. Because Earth rotates from west to east about its axis, an observer in the Northern Hemisphere would notice a deflection of a moving body toward the right. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In the friction layer, the turbulent friction that the Earth exerts on the air slows the wind down. In the friction layer, the turbulent friction that the Earth exerts on the air slows the wind down. The image below shows the force balance present in a geostrophic wind in the northern hemisphere. One of the biggest misconceptions associated with the Coriolis effect is that it causes the rotation of water down the drain of a sink or toilet. as the wind aloft. Review the key concepts, equations, and skills for friction, including how to find the direction and magnitude of the friction force. The stronger the wind speed, the greater the friction. 7 How does friction affect the direction of the wind? In other words, friction causes the lower winds to move slowly and the higher winds to move faster. Sometimes we want to reduce friction. As latitude increases and the speed of the earths rotation decreases, Coriolis effect increases. The amount of deflection the surface wind has with respect Friction opposes the direction of motion by acting opposite to the flow of air. By contrast, hills and forests force the wind to slow down and/or change direction much more. Friction always slows down the wind, and therefore also reduces the Coriolis force. Over uneven terrain, however, due to high friction, the wind direction makes high angles with, isobars and the speed gets retarded. In the surface layer friction acts to slow the wind, and thus always acts opposite to the wind direction. What is friction caused by air in Earths atmosphere known as? Your email address will not be published. These factors of friction are reflected in its generalized equation: Friction for a given object isnt always just one value though, it can change. winds would flow parallel to isobars and at high rates of speed. Wind is caused by a difference in pressure from one area to another area on the surface of the Earth. Why are there no tropical cyclones at the equator? While crossing the equator, these winds get deflected to their right under the effect of Coriolis . Direction stops the object from sliding against another surface and is parallel to the contact surface. The end result is the wind travels between the high pressure and the low pressure. Coriolis force acts perpendicular to direction of Wind & Not perpendicular to Pgf. In geostrophic balance, PGF = CF. Which of the following describes the pressure gradient force? The frictional force is most prevalent at the surface and decreases as altitude increases. How does the surface of the Earth affect the wind? The force of friction changes the airs speed. The change in pressure over a given distance is defined as a pressure gradient. Based on this, we can see that the Coriolis parameter will be 0 at the equator when sin(0)=0 and maximized at the poles when sin(90)=1. Actually, direction and slow it down -- keeping it from blowing as fast This force always acts to oppose the motion of an object, whether that object be The winds in the upper atmosphere, 2 - 3 km above the surface, are free from the frictional effect of the surface and are controlled by the pressure gradient and the Coriolis force. The only condition being that the vector sum of all the forces should equal zero, or else the object starts accelerating which puts it into motion, Does direction of frictional force changes if we change our reference frame from inertial to non inertial, If a block is kept on rear side of truck which is accelerating in the forward direction and acceleration is sufficient to cause sliding of the block, then what will be. The force that is a It would be very helpful. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The way I like to think of this kind of thing is to take it in steps. Due to the earths rotation, winds do not cross the isobars at right angles as the pressure gradient force directs, but get deflected from their original path. Irrespective of the package you choose, Current Affairs of Geography, Environment, Sci & Tech and Indian Agriculture are available from Jan 2022. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? The wind direction follows the direction of change of pressure, i.e. It also has a significant effect on man-made items like planes and missiles. The wind movement or wind circulation at the earths surface around low and high on many occasions is closely related to the wind circulation at higher level. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction is parallel to the straight isobars with the low pressure to the winds right. This effect is mainly important for very large structures. Regardless of the magnitude, friction acts to slow wind speeds and reduce the impact of the Coriolis Force. Pressure differences force winds to flow from high pressure are to low pressure area. The flow of the wind around an area of high pressure and low pressure under the combined influence of the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis Force and friction. The winds in the upper atmosphere, 2 3 km above the surface, are free from frictional effect of the surface and are controlled by the, When isobars are straight and when there is no friction, the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis force and the resultant wind blows parallel to the isobar. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 3 In what two ways does friction affect the winds near the surface? The force of friction changes the air's speed. >> Ultimately reduces deflection due to Coriolis Force Press ESC to cancel. As we look at the diagram above, this slowing down reduces the Coriolis force, and the pressure gradient force becomes more dominant. During an El Nio, upwelling of cool waters along the west coast of South America is intensified. This is known to meteorologists as the total and geostrophic winds ageostrophic winds. Well refined study material . how do you find the range of Force that can be applied to a object in rest and still remain motionless, Any number of forces can be applied on an object at rest and still remain at rest ie. in this situation since there is two people pushing in opposite direction is there going to also be two frictions in opposite directions and are they both 12n or 6n each? geostrophic winds. This causes the wind to slow down. There also are apparent vertical forces, but these are of minor importance to ocean currents. When the Coriolis force is greater than the pressure gradient force, the wind curves clockwise (in the Northern Hemisphere). Friction opposes the direction of motion by acting opposite to the flow of air. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? You may use the results of the earlier problem in only one of the methods. This concept is To an observer in space, a moving body would continue to move in a straight line unless the motion were acted upon by some other force. It affects the speed of the wind. Which forces influence the direction and speed of horizontal winds? Thus, winds around the high are too weak to be in cyclostrophic balance. The smaller value of 2 b or 4 h is to be used for the distance yfrom the windward leading edge. In the Southern Hemisphere, this deflection would be toward the left. The velocity and direction of the wind are the net result of the wind generating forces. It does not store any personal data. How does Coriolis effect affect the wind? 7. Movement of water through the oceans is slowed by friction, with surrounding fluid moving at a different velocity. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. O trade winds. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In this case, though, the pressure gradient is outward from the center of the high, so the . With more resistance that they are met, they are slower. The horizontal motion of air relative to Earth's surface is. This friction can act to change the wind's When in geostrophic balance, wind in the atmosphere has a balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. This is not truly the cause of the waters movement. Please install the Macromedia Flash Player in order to view this demonstration. The pressure gradient force doesnt change, but because the wind speed is slower, the Coriolis force is weaker. In the Northern Hemisphere these winds spiral to the right and in the Southern Hemisphere they spiral to the left. His initial velocity was 24.2m/s24.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}24.2m/s at an angle \theta. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (in the northern hemisphere). combined to give a more realistic view of how the wind moves in the atmosphere. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. As we look at the diagram above, this slowing down reduces Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Atmospheric Processes and Phenomena Copyright by Alison Nugent and Shintaro Russell. Friction has two effects on the wind. Friction has two effects on the wind. The differences in atmospheric pressure produces pressure gradient force. As with all moving things, it is caused by a force acting on it. O the effects would vary depending on surface texture. In the friction layer, the turbulent friction that the Earth exerts When you are walking, static friction pushes in the direction of you are trying to move (see Figure 2 below). >> Apparent deflection to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. To get into geostrophic balance, moving air will undergo geostrophic adjustment. The unchanged pressure gradient gives rise to a current speed independent of depth. This is similar to the effect that would be experienced by an observer standing on a large turntable if an object moved over the turntable in a straight line relative to the outside world. The proportion due to friction is to be superimposed by vectorial summation with the other wind forces Fw,e (external wind pressure) and Fw,i (internal wind pressure). How does friction affect wind what cause friction with wind? PMF IAS Physical Geography PDF is available on theGeography Downloads page, PMF IAS Physical Geography Hardcopy is available on Amazon& Flipkart. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. From there, it is kind of self-explanatory. This momentum transfer between the layers is referred to as frictional forces. an overview of the wind and its various movements. The frictional force is most prevalent at the surface The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". >> Always acts 90 degrees to the right of the direction of the wind in the northern hemisphere. The pressure gradient force works to increases as the latitude increases. As a result, the total wind deflects slightly towards lower Direct link to sandtt101's post Does direction of frictio, Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Asia Aaron's post is there a video for calc, Posted 4 years ago. This kind of problems are tricky. How does friction affect the direction of the wind? works to oppose the motion of any moving object, but it also has an impact on For anticyclones or highs, however, they do not typically have strong pressure gradients. Hardcopy by March 8th on Amazon, Gif Image: View Image in a New Window or In Power Point [Full Screen Mode], Primary References:NCERT Geography,Certificate Physical and Human Geography [Amazon and Flipkart],Spectrums Geography [Amazon and Flipkart]. The momentum transfer is a product of turbulence that moves kinetic energy to smaller scales until at the tens-of-microns scale (1 micron = 1/1,000 mm) it is dissipated as heat. Balanced wind in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) occurs when there is a balance between the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and the frictional drag force. The Coriolis force is: a) zero at the equator. This case can be seen in Figure 4. In addition to the speed of the earths rotation and latitude, the faster the object itself is moving, the more deflection there will be. Mechanism Friction is created by the imperfections of the earth's surface, which provide resistance to wind movement. In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind direction is parallel to the straight isobars with the low pressure to the left side of wind. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. pressure gradient force are in balance. general circulation of the atmosphere associated with divergence and sinking air. This next force balance applies when air is not moving in a straight line. Apart from convergence, some eddies, convection currents, orographic uplift and uplift along fronts cause the rising of air, which is essential for the formation of clouds and precipitation. If there is a steeper pressure gradient, wind will be ________than areas with a gradual pressure gradient. Horizontal differences in density (due to variations of temperature and salinity) measured along a specific depth cause the hydrostatic pressure to vary along a horizontal plane or geopotential surface, a surface perpendicular to the direction of the gravity acceleration. Static friction pushes the person forward. The wind blowing over the sea surface transfers momentum to the water. $\begin{array}{l}\mathrm y\;=\;2\;\cdot\;10\;=\;20\;\mathrm m\\{\mathrm A}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;2\;\cdot\;(30\;\mathrm m\;\;20\;\mathrm m)\;\cdot\;4\;\mathrm m\;+\;2\;\cdot\;(30\;\mathrm m\;\;20\;\mathrm m)\;\cdot\;5.22\;\mathrm m\;=\;184.4\;\mathrm m\\{\mathrm q}_{\mathrm p(\mathrm{ze})}\;=\;2.1\;\cdot\;{\mathrm q}_{\mathrm b}\;\cdot\;\left(\frac{\mathrm z}{10}\right)^{0.24}\;=\;2.1\;\cdot\;0.39\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;\cdot\;\left(\frac{5.5\;\mathrm m}{10}\right)^{0.24}\;=\;0.711\;\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\\{\mathrm F}_{\mathrm{fr}}\;=\;0.04\;\cdot\;0.711\mathrm{kN}/\mathrm m\;\cdot\;184.4\;\mathrm m\;=\;5.245\;\mathrm{kN}\end{array}$.

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